Department/College/UnitPhysical & Biological Sciences Division

TitleDistinguished Professor

AffiliationFaculty

Web SiteMascharak

Primary Office LocationPhysical Sciences Building
254

Additional Location(s)Physical Sciences Bldg 254 (Office)
Physical Sciences Bldg 243 (Lab)

Office HoursWednesday, 10AM to Noon (12)

Mail StopChemistry

Biography, Education and Training

B.S., M.S., University of Burdwan, India
Ph.D., Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur
Postdoctoral work: Stanford University, Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Summary of Expertise

Bioinorganic chemistry, design of antitumor drugs, modeling of active sites of metalloenzymes, design of catalysts for hydrocarbon oxidation, studies on intermediates in non-heme oxygenase chemistry, design of NO- and CO-donors for phototherapy of malignancies and infections

Research Interests

Pradip Mascharak is interested in bioinorganic chemistry. His research activity includes modeling the active sites of enzymes that contain transition metal ions. This research involves syntheses of metal complexes/clusters with biologically relevant designed ligands that mimic various metalloenzymes in their structural, spectroscopic and catalytic behaviors. The ultimate goal is to elucidate the mechanism(s) of the complex biological transformations occurring at the metal-containing active sites. At this time, two enzymes are under study. The first one, nitrile hydratase (NHase), is involved in microbial assimilation of organic nitriles. The active site of this enzyme contains either a low-spin Fe(III) or non-corrin Co(III). The second enzyme is acetyl Co-A synthase/CO dehydrogenase (ACS/CODH), an enzyme involved in CO2-fixation by various anaerobic chemotrophs. The so-called A-cluster of ACS/CODH contains a Ni-Ni-Fe4S4 unit. Both these active sites have very unusual coordination structures. The metal centers are attached to the peptide backbone via carboxamido nitrogens and Cys-sulfurs. In addition, two of the three Cys-S centers of NHase are post-translationally modified to Cys-sulfenato (-SO-) and -sulfinato (-SO2-) groups. During the past few years, Mascharak's group has synthesized and structurally characterized series of designed metal complexes that resemble such active sites very closely and studied their reactivities to establish the mechanism of nitrile hydrolysis and acetyl group formation from CO and CH3 at the metal sites. Several of the model complexes have been used to perform analogous chemical transformations under very different conditions. Syntheses of novel bio-inspired catalysts on the basis of these studies are in progress.

In recent years, metal nitrosyls like sodium nitroprusside have been used to control blood pressure and related hypertensive episodes. NO complexes that release NO upon illumination have been tried as agents in photodynamic therapy. During the past few years, Mascharak' group has been involved in synthesizing designed metal nitrosyls that photorelease NO under very mild conditions (low intensity visible or UV light). Various chemical principles guide the design of such nitrosyls that deliver NO to biological targets under specific conditions. A variety of spectroscopic, magnetic and photochemical studies are performed to identify the factors responsible for the controlled release of NO from such nitrosyls upon illumination. Results of parallel theoretical studies are also utilized to elucidate the electronic origin of the NO photolability. At the present time, attempts are also being made to attach these NO-donors on beads of inert matrix that could be selectively placed at biological targets and then conveniently triggered to release burst of NO upon illumination.

During the past three years, the group has turned their focus on Carbon monoxide (CO), another surprising addition to the list of small signaling molecule in biology. Low doses of CO is shown to provide cytoprotective action to oxidatively damaged tissues (such as during stroke and ischemia). Mascharak's group has initiated syntheses of designed metal-CO complexes (based on Smart Design principles and theoretical calculations) that could be employed to deliver CO at biological targets under the control of light. Recent research also indicates that low doses of CO sensitize cancer cells toward chemotherapy and improve the outcome of the therapy by several folds. Mascharak's group has demonstrated that application of light-sensitive CO complexes (photoCORMs) to several cancer cell lines under controlled conditions leads to rapid apoptosis of the malignant cells.  At present, the group is engaged in constructing mesoporous silica materials and nanoparticles as carriers for photoCORMs and their application to combat cancer by phototherapy.

Another research project in Mascharak's group is related to the area of new "Green Chemistry". For some time, this group has been studying oxidation of various organic substrates (including alkanes and alkenes) by non-heme iron and cobalt complexes in conjunction with O2, H2O2 and ROOH. The goal of this project is to synthesize catalysts that operate under mild conditions (less energy requirements) and utilize safer reagents (like O2) for oxidations.

Awards, Honors and Grants

Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry

Chemical Research Society of India (CSRI) Medal

Outstanding Faculty Award, PBSci Division, UCSC

Gandhi Medal

Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science

Alfred Sloan Fellow

Excellence through Diversity Award, UCSC

Innovations in Teaching Award, UCSC

Selected Publications

• I. Chakraborty, S. J. Carrington, G. Roseman and P. K. Mascharak, Synthesis, Structures and CO Release capacity of a Family of Water-Soluble PhotoCORMs: Assessment of Biocompatibility and their Phototoxicity Towards Human Breast Cancer Cells. Inorg. Chem. 2017, 56, 1534-1545. 
• J. J. Yan, M. A. Gonzalez, P. K. Mascharak, B. Hedman, K. O. Hodgson and E. I. Solomon, L-Edge Spectroscopic Investigation of {FeNO}6: Delocalization vs. Antiferromagnetic Coupling. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 1215-1225.
• M. N. Pinto, I. Chakraborty, W. Schultz-Simonton, M. Rojas-Andrade and P. K. Mascharak, Tracking Silver Delivery to Bacteria Using Turn-On Fluorescence. Chem. Commun. 2017, 53, 1459-1462.
• J. Jimenez, I. Chakraborty, S. J. Carrington and P. K. Mascharak, Light-Triggered CO Delivery by a Water-soluble and Biocompatible Manganese photoCORM. Dalton Trans. 2016, 45, 13204-13213.
• I. Chakraborty and P. K. Mascharak, Mesoporous Silica Materials and Nanoparticles as Carriers for Controlled and Site-specific Delivery of Gaseous Signaling Molecules. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2016, 234, 409-419.
• S. J. Carrington, I. Chakraborty, J. Bernard and P. K. Mascharak, A Theranostic Two-tone Luminescent photoCORM Derived from Rhenium and (2-pyridyl)benzothiazole: Trackable CO Delivery to Malignant Cells. Inorg. Chem. 2016, 55, 7852-7858.
• I. Chakraborty, S. J. Carrington, J. Hauser, S. R. J. Oliver and P. K. Mascharak, Rapid Eradication of Human Breast Cancer Cells Through Trackable Light-Triggered CO Delivery by Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Packed with a Designed photoCORM. ACS Chem. Mater. 2015, 27, 8387-8397.
• T. R. deBoer, I. Chakraborty and P. K. Mascharak, Design and Construction of a Silver(I)-loaded Cellulose-based Wound Dressing: Trackable and Sustained Release of Silver for Controlled Therapeutic Delivery to Wound Sites. J. Mat. Sci.: Med. Sci. 2015, 26:243.
• S. J. Carrington, I. Chakrborty and P. K. Mascharak, Synthesis and Characterization of a "Turn-on" photoCORM for Trackable CO Delivery to Biological Targets. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. 2014, 5, 1324-1328.
• I. Chakraborty, S. J. Carrington and P. K. Mascharak, Design Strategies to Improve the Sensitivity of Photoactive Metal Carbonyl Complexes (photoCORMs) to Visible Light and their Potential as CO-Donors to Biological targets. Acc. Chem. Res. 2014, 47, 2603-2611.
• I. Chakraborty, S. J. Carrington and P. K. Mascharak, Photodelivery of CO by Designed photoCORMs: Correleation Between Absorption in the Visible Region and Metal-CO Bond Labilization in Carbonyl Complexes. ChemMedChem. 2014, 9, 1266-1274.
• M. A. Gonzalez, H. Han, A. Moyes, A. Radinos, A. J. Hobbs, N. Coombs, S. R. J. Oliver and P. K. Mascharak, Light-Triggered Carbon Monoxide Delivery with Al-MCM-41-based Nanoparticles Bearing a Designed Manganese Carbonyl Complex. J. Mater. Chem. B. 2014, 2, 2107-2113.
• S. J. Carrington, I. Chakraborty and P. K. Mascharak, Rapid CO Release from a Mn(I) Carbonyl Complex Derived from azopyridine upon Exposure to Visible Light and its Phototoxicity Toward Malignant Cells. Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 11254-11256.
• T. deBoer-Maggard, A. Resendez and P. K. Mascharak, Construction of a Biomimetic Peroxynitrite -Generating Platform: A Two-component System to Synthesize Peroxynitrite in Situ Under the Control of Light. ChemBioChem, 2013, 14, 2106-2109.
• B. J. Heilman, J. St. John, S. R. J. Oliver and P. K. Mascharak, Light-triggered Eradication of Acinetobacter baumannii by means of NO Delivery from a Porous Material with an Entrapped Metal Nitrosyl. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 11573-11582.
• N. L. Fry and P. K. Mascharak, Photolability of NO in Designed Metal Nitrosyls with Carboxamido-N Donors: A Theoretical Attempt to Unravel the Mechanism. (Invited Perspective Article) Dalton Transactions, 2012, 41, 4726-4735.
• M. A. Gonzalez, N. L. Fry, R. Burt, R. Davda, A. Hobbs and P. K. Mascharak, Designed Metal Carbonyls as Carbon Monoxide (CO) Releasing Molecules (CORMs): Rapid CO Release and Delivery to Myoglobin in Aqueous Buffer, and Vasorelaxation of Mouse Aorta. Inorg. Chem. 2011, 50, 3127-3134.
• N. L. Fry and P. K. Mascharak, Photoactive Ruthenium Nitrosyls as NO Donors: How to Sensitize them Toward Visible Light Acc. Chem. Res. 2011, 44, 289-298.
• G. M. Halpenny and P. K. Mascharak, Emerging Antimicrobial Applications of Nitric Oxide (NO) and NO-Releasing Materials. (Invited Review) Anti-Infect. Agents Med. Chem. 2010, 9, 187-197.
• G. M. Halpenny and P. K. Mascharak, Eradication of Pathogenic Bacteria by Remote Delivery of NO via Light-triggering of Nitrosyl-Containing Materials. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. 2010, 1, 180- 183.
• M. J. Rose, N. M. Betterley, A. G. Oliver and P. K. Mascharak, Binding of Nitric Oxide (NO) to a Synthetic Model of Iron-Containing Nitrile Hydratase and Its Photorelease: Relevance to Photoregulation of Fe-NHase by NO. Inorg. Chem. 2010, 49, 1854-1864.
• A. A. Eroy-Reveles and P. K. Mascharak, Nitric Oxide-donating Materials and Their Potential in Pharmacological Applications. Future Medicinal Chemistry 2009, 1(8), 1497-1507.